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ABSTRACT AimThe aim of the current study is to conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genusArbaciato elucidate the evolution and phylogenetic relationships among all extant species and reevaluate the presence of geographic structure within species that have wide, fragmented distributions. LocationSpecimens ofArbaciawere collected from 34 localities spanning the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea. MethodsWe obtained sequences from three mitochondrial markers (COI, 16S and the control region and adjacent tRNAs) and two nuclear markers (28S and 18S; the latter ultimately excluded from the final analyses). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches. A time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree was inferred using a relaxed Bayesian molecular clock and three fossil calibration points. ResultsOur analysis supports the monophyly of the genusArbacia, including the speciesArbacia nigra(previously assigned to the monotypic genusTetrapygus). The new phylogenetic topology suggests an alternative biogeographic scenario of initial divergence between Atlantic and Pacific subclades occurring approximately 9 million years ago. The dispersal and subsequent diversification of the Pacific subclade to the southeast Pacific coincides with the onset of glacial and interglacial cycles in Patagonia. In the Atlantic subclade, the split betweenA. punctulataandA. lixulaoccurred 3.01–6.30 (median 3.74 million years ago), possibly associated with the strengthening of the Gulf Stream current connecting the western and eastern Atlantic. Our study also reveals significant genetic and phylogeographic structures within both Atlantic species, indicating ongoing differentiation processes between populations. Main ConclusionOur study provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history and biogeography of the genusArbaciaand highlights the complex interplay between historical climate changes and oceanic currents in shaping the distribution and diversification of echinoids in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 

Aggressive behavior, or lack thereof, is vital to the success of a social insect colony. A diversity of aggressive behaviors are exhibited in varying degrees by workers across ant species. To better understand this suite of behaviors, we review the extensive literature around ant aggression in order to assess the importance of aggression to the success of ant lineages, the ways in which aggression has been quantified in the literature, and potential correlations between aggression and other key functional traits. Our new contributions to this body of literature include an interaction framework for contextualizing the variation of behaviors, a new suggested scale for quantifying aggressive behaviors, and finally an investigation into traits that are correlated with aggression across ant lineages. Based on our phylogenetic comparative analyses, we find a negative correlation between eye length and aggression and that body size, worker polymorphism, and potentially participation in mutualisms with plants and other insects are evolutionarily linked to an increase in aggressive behavior. 

The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate [CII] at Early times (ALPINE) targets the [CII] 158 μ m line and the far-infrared continuum in 118 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies between z  = 4.4 and z  = 5.9. It represents the first large [CII] statistical sample built in this redshift range. We present details regarding the data processing and the construction of the catalogs. We detected 23 of our targets in the continuum. To derive accurate infrared luminosities and obscured star formation rates (SFRs), we measured the conversion factor from the ALMA 158 μ m rest-frame dust continuum luminosity to the total infrared luminosity ( L IR ) after constraining the dust spectral energy distribution by stacking a photometric sample similar to ALPINE in ancillary single-dish far-infrared data. We found that our continuum detections have a median L IR of 4.4 × 10 11 L ⊙ . We also detected 57 additional continuum sources in our ALMA pointings. They are at a lower redshift than the ALPINE targets, with a mean photometric redshift of 2.5 ± 0.2. We measured the 850 μ m number counts between 0.35 and 3.5 mJy, thus improving the current interferometric constraints in this flux density range. We found a slope break in the number counts around 3 mJy with a shallower slope below this value. More than 40% of the cosmic infrared background is emitted by sources brighter than 0.35 mJy. Finally, we detected the [CII] line in 75 of our targets. Their median [CII] luminosity is 4.8 × 10 8 L ⊙ and their median full width at half maximum is 252 km s −1 . After measuring the mean obscured SFR in various [CII] luminosity bins by stacking ALPINE continuum data, we find a good agreement between our data and the local and predicted SFR– L [CII] relations.